Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan - Essay Example The major purpose for Soviet Union’s invasion of Afghanistan was to secure an advantageous position in Asia to get access to better trade connection and Gulf oil. During this period, Afghanistan was going through an internal struggle. The then monarch, King Zahir Shah was not successful in bridging the gap between the tribal class and the central government resulting in a huge chasm between the elite class and the local tribal leaders. In 1978, the Saur Revolution took place during which the Afghan Communist Party assassinated the country’s Prime Minister, and this event made the country even more vulnerable for foreign attacks due to the absence of a stable government. During the period that Soviet Union captured the land of Afghanistan, the former introduced different social and military policies that enraged the local population because of the oppressive strategies of the Soviets. They implemented land reforms that had adverse impact on the tribal leaders. The economic reforms that were initiated by the Soviets enhanced the gap between the rich and the poor as the condition of the latter worsened. As a result of these reforms, it was common scenario that various tribal groups demonstrated protests against the Soviets. In order to suppress these uprisings, the Soviets used extreme and ruthless measures like mass arrests, persecutions, and aerial bombardments. According to a November 2001 Amnesty International report, during the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan approximately one million people were died, and eight thousand people were executed after putting on trial between 1980 and 1988. Such extreme atrocities by the Soviets eventually erupted i nto strong resistance by the Mughal freedom fighers with support from the United States. Finally, in the year 1988, the then Soviet Premier Mikhail Gorbachev capitulated and withdrew his troops from Afghanistan after calling the entire events as a â€Å"bleeding wound† (â€Å"The

Are court and tribunals in the English legal system now Essay

Are court and tribunals in the English legal system now indistinguishable in all important respects - Essay Example The content of the law here include things like criminal offences and civil wrongs. Here the distinction between a crime and civil wrong cannot be stated as depending upon what is done because what is done may be the same in each case. The true distinction lies therefore not in the nature of the wrongful act but in the legal consequences that follow it. The instances above thus are addressed, heard and determined at very different places which bring us to the court system of the English legal system. This court system is divided or subdivided into either the criminal court system which includes the Supreme Court, the court of appeal, crown court, magistrates, high court and Privy Council. The other division is the civil court system which also includes the Supreme Court, the court of appeal, the county court, the magistrates, the high court and the tribunals (Baker, 2009, p. 29). This brings us to our main subject of the courts and tribunals. From the oxford learners dictionary the m eaning of a court is basically a person or body having judicial authority to hear and resolve disputes in civil, criminal, ecclesiastical or military cases. On the other hand a tribunal is a sitting or a group of proceedings how end goal is to establish and deliver a judgment on a specific issue such as a tribunal to resolve an election dispute which in itself is under the guidance and rules of the court system. The Court and the Tribunal In origin, these tribunals are designed as alternatives to what is believed to be the artificial formality of courts of law, and the supposed ignorance of the ordinary judiciary of specialized information regarding particular economic and social relationships. The ordinary man or woman is expected to be able to operate the process without benefit of counsel or solicitors (Blackstone, 2003). It soon begins to appear, however, that the total absence of formality can be a straightforward passport to injustice. Moreover, in rent cases, and cases of unf air dismissal, the landlord or employer could hardly be expected to spend long days in court instead of managing his own business, and therefore might reasonably be expected to employ a professional advocate. The first characteristic led to a widespread extension of the role of the ordinary courts in their supervisory role of subordinate tribunals, the second to an equally widespread demand for the extension (Bailey, et al. 2007, p. 68). The second to an equally widespread demand for the extension of legal aid to tribunals originally instituted with the intention of keeping the lawyers out. One thing, however, has emerged from the development of the tribunal system since the war, and this is the marked preference shown by Parliament and the public for a tribunal consisting of a lawyer in the chair sitting with two seasoned and experienced lay members over trial by judge alone, or trial before a judge and civil jury (Elliott & Quinn, 2011, p. 38). First and foremost, in a court the p urpose of the case is usually to get the culprit of the offence i.e. the wrongdoer and the appropriate punishment to be administered like in instances where a robbery has occurred and the person responsible has been arrested by the persons concerned which in this case might be the police or even the public. This is somehow different from a tribunal whose real and intended purpose is to